Aastha Health Care
Cancer Surgery in Mumbai & Cost Procedure - AHC
Cancer Surgery in Mumbai & Cost Procedure - AHC
Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the body. Other terms used are malignant tumors and neoplasms. One defining feature of cancer is the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs; the latter process is referred to as metastasis. Widespread metastases are the primary cause of death from cancer.
Cancerous tumors spread into, or invade, nearby tissues and can travel to distant places in the body to form new tumors (a process called metastasis). Cancerous tumors may also be called malignant tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, but cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not.
Benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. When removed, benign tumors usually don’t grow back, whereas cancerous tumors sometimes do. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. Some can cause serious symptoms or be life threatening, such as benign tumors in the brain.
Hemorrhoids may cause pain, severe itching, and difficulty sitting. Fortunately, they’re treatable.
SYMPTOMS OF CANCER:-
Some general signs and symptoms associated with, but not specific to, cancer, include:-
- Fatigue
- Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
- Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain
- Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin, sores that won’t heal, or changes to existing moles
- Changes in bowel or bladder habits
- Persistent cough or trouble breathing
- Difficulty swallowing
- Hoarseness
- Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating
- Persistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain
- Persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats
- Unexplained bleeding or bruising
NORMAL CELLS & CANCER CELLS
SR.NO | NORMAL CELLS | CANCER CELLS |
SHAPE :- regular | SHAPE :- irregular | |
NUCLEUS :- proportionate size | NUCLEUS :- large, darker | |
GROWTH :- in control, systematic | GROWTH :- out of control | |
DEATH :- mortal
| DEATH :- NIL
| |
MATURATION :- mature (cell differentiation) | MATURATION :- immature – doesn’t mature | |
COMMUNICATION :- communicates | COMMUNICATION :- doesn’t communicate | |
VISIBILITY :- visible to immune cells | VISIBILITY :- invisible to immune cells | |
BLOOD SUPPLY :- angiogenesis during repair | BLOOD SUPPLY :- tumor angiogenesis | |
OXYGEN :- requires oxygen | OXYGEN :- does not require oxygen | |
GLUCOSE :- require some amount of glucose | GLUCOSE :- loves, craves for glucose | |
ENERGY EFFICIENCY :- very high | ENERGY EFFICIENCY :- very low | |
AMOUNT OF ATP :- 36 unit of ATP | AMOUNT OF ATP :- 2 units of ATP | |
CELL ENVIRONMENT :- alkaline | CELL ENVIRONMENT :- acidic | |
NUTRIENT PREFERENCE :- fat, ketone , glucose | NUTRIENT PREFERENCE :- glucose |
TYPES OF CANCER
There are main 5 types of cancer
The major types of cancer are carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, and leukemia.
CARCINOMA:-
Carcinoma is cancer which forms in epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue lines most of your organs, the internal passageways in your body (like your esophagus), and your skin. Most cancers affecting your skin, breasts, kidney, liver, lungs, pancreas, prostate gland, head and neck are carcinomas.
Carcinomas may spread to other parts of the body, or be confined to the primary location. The disease has various forms, including:
- Carcinoma in situ:- This early-stage cancer is confined to the layer of tissue from which it started, and has not spread to surrounding tissue or other parts of the body.
- Invasive carcinoma:- This is cancer that has spread beyond the primary tissue layer to surrounding tissue.
- Metastatic carcinoma:- This is cancer that has spread throughout the body to other tissues and organs.
Types of carcinoma:-
Basal cell carcinoma :– Basal cell carcinoma (also called basal cell skin cancer) is the most common type of skin cancer. About 8 out of 10 skin cancers are basal cell carcinomas (also called basal cell cancers).These cancers start in the basal cell layer, which is the lower part of the epidermis.
Squamous cell carcinoma :- It is the second most common type of skin cancer. Cancerous cells develop from the flat, squamous cells that are the primary cell type making up the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis. Squamous cell cancers usually grow slowly, and it is uncommon for them to spread, or metastasize, but they are more likely than basal cell carcinomas to invade fatty tissue beneath the skin or to spread even further.
Renal cell carcinoma :- Renal cell cancer (also called kidney cancer or renal cell adenocarcinoma) is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the lining of tubules (very small tubes) in the kidney. There are 2 kidneys, one on each side of the backbone, above the waist. Tiny tubules in the kidneys filter and clean the blood.
Ductal carcinoma in situ :- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the presence of abnormal cells inside a milk duct in the breast. DCIS is considered the earliest form of breast cancer. DCIS is noninvasive, meaning it hasn’t spread out of the milk duct and has a low risk of becoming invasive.
Invasive ductal carcinoma :- Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), also known as infiltrating ductal carcinoma, is a type of breast cancer that starts in the milk ducts of the breast and moves into nearby tissue. In time, IDC may spread (metastasize) through the lymph nodes or bloodstream to other areas of the body.
STAGES OF CANCER
There are 4 stages of cancer they are as follows:-
Stage I: The cancer is localized to a small area and hasn’t spread to lymph nodes or other tissues.
Stage II: The cancer has grown, but it hasn’t spread.
Stage III: The cancer has grown larger and has possibly spread to lymph nodes or other tissues.
Stage IV: The cancer has spread to other organs or areas of your body.
Common Types of Cancer Treatment:-
Cancer treatment may include —
- Surgery: An operation where doctors cut out tissue with cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Special medicines that shrink or kill cancer cells.
- Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays (similar to X-rays) to kill cancer cells.
- Hormone therapy: Blocks cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow.
- Immunotherapy: A treatment that works with your body’s immune system to help it fight cancer cells or to control side effects from other cancer treatments.
- Stem cell transplant (bone marrow transplant): Replace bone marrow cells lost due to very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Most commonly used to treat blood cancers and cancers in lymph nodes..
SURGERY FOR CANCER:-
Removal surgery:- Curative surgery is also known as removal surgery, It removes the cancerous tumor or growth from the body. Surgeons use curative surgery when the cancerous tumor is localized to a specific area of the body. This type of treatment is often considered the primary treatment. However, other types of cancer treatments, such as radiation, may be used before or after the surgery.
Preventative surgery :- Preventative surgery is used to prevent cancerous cells from growing into a tumor. To do this, your surgeon will remove tissue that doesn’t have any cancerous cells. While healthy, this tissue is at a higher risk of developing cancer, making its removal a preventative measure.
Diagnostic surgery :- Diagnostic surgery helps to determine whether cells are cancerous. Diagnostic surgery is used to remove a tissue sample for testing and evaluation (in a laboratory by a pathologist). The tissue samples help to confirm a diagnosis, identify the type of cancer, or determine the stage of the cancer.
Staging surgery :- Staging surgery lets your medical team determine just how far cancer cells have progressed through your body. One way to do this is through laparoscopy, which is a key component of minimally invasive surgery. Laparoscopes are tiny viewing tubes with a camera lens at the end. They give surgeons the ability to view inside your body without making large incisions.
Minimally invasive surgery works by making multiple small incisions in the body which are used for inserting surgical tools and the laparoscope. Unlike “open” surgery, which involves making one large incision, minimally invasive surgery reduces the risk of bleeding, pain during recovery, scarring, and infections.
Debulking surgery :- Debulking surgery removes a portion, though not all, of a cancerous tumor. It is used in certain situations when removing an entire tumor may cause damage to an organ or the body. Other types of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiation, may be used after debulking surgery is performed.
Palliative surgery :- Both cancer and cancer treatments can be painful for patients. This is especially true for those in the advanced stages of cancer. With palliative surgery , these patients can experience an improved quality of life, especially when the cancer is no longer responding to treatment. This could be by removing a cancerous mass or by blocking nerves to reduce pain.
Supportive surgery :- Supportive surgery is similar to palliative surgery because it does not work to cure cancer. Instead, it helps other cancer treatments work effectively. An example of supportive surgery is the insertion of a catheter to help with chemotherapy.
Recovering after surgery
No matter what kind of surgery you have, it will probably make you feel tired and drained. Even if your pain is under control, surgery can be physically and emotionally stressful.
Your medical team will talk to you about your recovery – it may take a few days or a week to recover from a less complex operation, but it can take a few months to recover from major surgery. Follow your surgeon’s advice, and try to be patient and allow yourself time to recover.